Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Solvent Drying Agents

Solvents drying guide


TO DRY


USE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING DRYING AGENTS

Alcohols

Anhydrous forms of potassium carbonate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate; quicklime.

Alkyl halides
Aryl halides

Anhydrous calcium chloride; anhydrous forms of sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, or calcium sulphate; sodium pentoxide.

Saturated and
Aromatic hydrocarbons

Anhydrous calcium chloride or sulphate; metallic sodium; phosphorus pentoxide.

Aldehydes

Anhydrous sodium sulphate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate.

Ketones

Anhydrous sodium sulphate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate; anhydrous potassium carbonate.

Organic bases
(amines)

Solid potassium or sodium hydroxide; quicklime; barium oxide.

Organic acids

Anhydrous sodium sulphate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate.

 

Solvents: Properties and Drying agents

Solvent

Boiling Pt.
°C

Density

Flash Pt.
°C

Drying agent

Acetone

56

0.791

-18

K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.3nm; CaCl2

Acetic acid

118

1.049

+40

P2O5; CuSO4

Acetic anhydride

136

1.082

+49

CaCl2

Acetonitrile

82

0.782

+6

CaCl2; P2O5; K2CO3; calcium hydride; Molecular sieve 0.3nm

Aniline

184

1.022

+76

KOH; BaO

Anisole

154

0.995

+51

CaCl2; Na; distillation

Benzene

80

0.879

-10

CaCl2; distillation; Na; Pb/Na; ; calcium hydride; Na wire; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

1-Butanol

117

0.810

+29

K2CO3; distillation

2-Butanol

100

0.808

+24

K2CO3; distillation

tert-Butanol

82

0.882

+11

CaO; Freezing

n-Butyl acetate

127

0.882

+33

MgSO4;

Carbon disulphide

46

1.263

-30

CaCl2P2O5;

Carbon tetrachloride

77

1.594

none

distillation; P2O3; Pb/Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Chlorobenzene

132

1.106

+29

CaCl2; distillation;P2O5

Chloroform

62

1.486

none

CaCl2; P2O5; Pb/Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Cyclohexane

81

0.799

none

Na; Na/Pb; LiAlH4; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Cyclohexanone

155

na

na

Distillation

Decahydronaphthalene
(Dekalin)

~190

0.886

<54

CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na

Dichloromethane

40

1.325

none

CaCl2; Pb/Na; calcium hydride; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Dicyclopentadiene:
(cyclopentadiene dimer)

170

na

na

Refractionation: distillate at 40 - 42°C. (Use at once! or keep in dry ice/acetone bath no longer than 1 Hr.)

Diethyl carbonate

126

0.975

+25

Na2SO4; K2CO3

Diethylene glycoldibutyl ether

225

0.885

+118

CaCl2; Na

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

155
165

0.906

+70

CaCl2; Na

Diethyl ether

34

0.714

-40

CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na; LiAlH4; Na wire/benzophenone; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Di-isopropyl ether

68

0.726

-23

CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Dimethyl formamide

153

0.950

+62

distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Dimethyl sulfoxide

189

1.101

+95

distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

1,4 Dioxane

101

1.034

+11.8

CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Ethanol

79

0.791

+12

CaO; Mg; MgO; Molecular sieve 0.3nm

Ethyl acetate

77

0.901

-4

K2CO3; P2O5; Na2SO4; calcium hydride; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Ethylenediamine:
(1-2 diaminoethane)

118

na

na

Simple distillation.

 

Solvent

Boiling Pt.
°C

Density

Flash Pt.
°C

Drying agent

Ethylene glycol

197

1.109

+111

distillation; Na2SO4

Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether

135

0.930

+41

distillation

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether

125

0.965

+52

distillation

Ethyl formate

54

0.924

-20

MgSO4; Na2SO4;

Formamide

211

1.134

155

Na2SO4; CaO

Glycerol

290

1.260

+176

distillation

Heptane

98

0.684

-4

calcium hydride; Na wire

n-Hexane

69

0.659

-23

Na; Pb/Na; LiAlH4; calcium hydride; Na wire/benzophenone; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Isobutanol

108

0.803

+28

K2CO3; CaO; Mg;

Isobutyl methyl ketone

117

0.801

+15.5-4

K2CO3;

Methanol

65

0.792

+11

Mg; CaO; Molecular sieve 0.3nm

Methyl acetate

57

0.933

-10

K2CO3; CaO;

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

202

1.026

+95

Na2SO4; distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Methyl Ethyl ketone

80

0.806

-44

K2CO3;

Nitrobenzene

211

1.204

+92

CaCl2; P2O5; distillation;

n-Pentane

36

0.626

-49

Na; Pb/Na;calcium hydride; Na wire

Pet ether

mixture

na

na

calcium hydride; Na wire/benzophenone; Molecular sieve type 4A

1- Propanol

97

0.804

+15

CaO; Mg

2-Propanol

82

0.785

+12

CaO; Mg; Molecular sieve 0.3nm

Pyridine

116

0.982

+20

KOH; BaO; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Tetrahydrofuran

66

0.887

-17.5

Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Tetrahydronaphthalene
(Tetralin)

208

0.973

  

CaCl2; Na

Thionyl chloride

48

na

na

Redistill.

Toluene

111

0.867

+4

distillation; Ca; CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Trichloroethylene

87

1.462

none

distillation; Na2SO4; K2CO3

Xylene

137/140

-0.86

+25

distillation; Na; CaCl2; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

 

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Saturday, September 12, 2009

Solvent Boiling Point Chart

Solvent Boiling Point Chart

(all boiling points at standard pressure)

Solvent

Boiling Point

Solvent

Boiling Point

Acetic Acid

118.0

Ethyl Acetate

77.1

Acetic Acid Anhydride

139.0

Ethyl Ether

34.6

Acetone

56.3

Ethylene Dichloride

83.5

Acetonitrile

81.6

Ethylene Glycol

197.5

Benzene

80.1

Heptane

98.4

iso-Butanol

107.7

n-Hexane

68.7

n-Butanol

117.7

Hydrochloric Acid

84.8

tert-Butanol

82.5

Methanol

64.7

Carbon Tetrachloride

76.5

Methylene Chloride

-96.7

Chlorobenzene

131.7

MTBE

55.2

Chloroform

61.2

Pentane

36.1

Cyclohexane

80.7

Petroleum Ether

35.0-60.0

Cyclopentane

49.3

iso-Propanol

82.3

Dichloromethane

39.8

n-Propanol

97.2

Diethyl Ether

34.6

Pyridine

115.3

Dimethyl Acetamide

166.1

Tetrahydrofuran

66.0

Dimethyl Formamide

153.0

Toluene

110.6

Dimethyl Sulfoxide

189.0

Trifluoroacetic Acid

71.8

Dioxane

101.0

Water

100.0

Ethanol

78.3

Xylene

140.0

Note: Solvent boiling points acquired from materials published online by Honeywell Burdick and Jackson, University of Oxford, University of Louisville, Michigan State University, and IPS INCHEM and are inteded for use with the BrandTech Scientific Vacuum Pump Selection Guide only. Solvent listing does not necessarily imply chemical or physical compatibility with VACUUBRAND vacuum pumps and systems.

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