Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Solvent Drying Agents

Solvents drying guide


TO DRY


USE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING DRYING AGENTS

Alcohols

Anhydrous forms of potassium carbonate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate; quicklime.

Alkyl halides
Aryl halides

Anhydrous calcium chloride; anhydrous forms of sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, or calcium sulphate; sodium pentoxide.

Saturated and
Aromatic hydrocarbons

Anhydrous calcium chloride or sulphate; metallic sodium; phosphorus pentoxide.

Aldehydes

Anhydrous sodium sulphate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate.

Ketones

Anhydrous sodium sulphate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate; anhydrous potassium carbonate.

Organic bases
(amines)

Solid potassium or sodium hydroxide; quicklime; barium oxide.

Organic acids

Anhydrous sodium sulphate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate.

 

Solvents: Properties and Drying agents

Solvent

Boiling Pt.
°C

Density

Flash Pt.
°C

Drying agent

Acetone

56

0.791

-18

K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.3nm; CaCl2

Acetic acid

118

1.049

+40

P2O5; CuSO4

Acetic anhydride

136

1.082

+49

CaCl2

Acetonitrile

82

0.782

+6

CaCl2; P2O5; K2CO3; calcium hydride; Molecular sieve 0.3nm

Aniline

184

1.022

+76

KOH; BaO

Anisole

154

0.995

+51

CaCl2; Na; distillation

Benzene

80

0.879

-10

CaCl2; distillation; Na; Pb/Na; ; calcium hydride; Na wire; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

1-Butanol

117

0.810

+29

K2CO3; distillation

2-Butanol

100

0.808

+24

K2CO3; distillation

tert-Butanol

82

0.882

+11

CaO; Freezing

n-Butyl acetate

127

0.882

+33

MgSO4;

Carbon disulphide

46

1.263

-30

CaCl2P2O5;

Carbon tetrachloride

77

1.594

none

distillation; P2O3; Pb/Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Chlorobenzene

132

1.106

+29

CaCl2; distillation;P2O5

Chloroform

62

1.486

none

CaCl2; P2O5; Pb/Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Cyclohexane

81

0.799

none

Na; Na/Pb; LiAlH4; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Cyclohexanone

155

na

na

Distillation

Decahydronaphthalene
(Dekalin)

~190

0.886

<54

CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na

Dichloromethane

40

1.325

none

CaCl2; Pb/Na; calcium hydride; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Dicyclopentadiene:
(cyclopentadiene dimer)

170

na

na

Refractionation: distillate at 40 - 42°C. (Use at once! or keep in dry ice/acetone bath no longer than 1 Hr.)

Diethyl carbonate

126

0.975

+25

Na2SO4; K2CO3

Diethylene glycoldibutyl ether

225

0.885

+118

CaCl2; Na

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

155
165

0.906

+70

CaCl2; Na

Diethyl ether

34

0.714

-40

CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na; LiAlH4; Na wire/benzophenone; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Di-isopropyl ether

68

0.726

-23

CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Dimethyl formamide

153

0.950

+62

distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Dimethyl sulfoxide

189

1.101

+95

distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

1,4 Dioxane

101

1.034

+11.8

CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Ethanol

79

0.791

+12

CaO; Mg; MgO; Molecular sieve 0.3nm

Ethyl acetate

77

0.901

-4

K2CO3; P2O5; Na2SO4; calcium hydride; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Ethylenediamine:
(1-2 diaminoethane)

118

na

na

Simple distillation.

 

Solvent

Boiling Pt.
°C

Density

Flash Pt.
°C

Drying agent

Ethylene glycol

197

1.109

+111

distillation; Na2SO4

Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether

135

0.930

+41

distillation

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether

125

0.965

+52

distillation

Ethyl formate

54

0.924

-20

MgSO4; Na2SO4;

Formamide

211

1.134

155

Na2SO4; CaO

Glycerol

290

1.260

+176

distillation

Heptane

98

0.684

-4

calcium hydride; Na wire

n-Hexane

69

0.659

-23

Na; Pb/Na; LiAlH4; calcium hydride; Na wire/benzophenone; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Isobutanol

108

0.803

+28

K2CO3; CaO; Mg;

Isobutyl methyl ketone

117

0.801

+15.5-4

K2CO3;

Methanol

65

0.792

+11

Mg; CaO; Molecular sieve 0.3nm

Methyl acetate

57

0.933

-10

K2CO3; CaO;

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

202

1.026

+95

Na2SO4; distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Methyl Ethyl ketone

80

0.806

-44

K2CO3;

Nitrobenzene

211

1.204

+92

CaCl2; P2O5; distillation;

n-Pentane

36

0.626

-49

Na; Pb/Na;calcium hydride; Na wire

Pet ether

mixture

na

na

calcium hydride; Na wire/benzophenone; Molecular sieve type 4A

1- Propanol

97

0.804

+15

CaO; Mg

2-Propanol

82

0.785

+12

CaO; Mg; Molecular sieve 0.3nm

Pyridine

116

0.982

+20

KOH; BaO; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Tetrahydrofuran

66

0.887

-17.5

Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Tetrahydronaphthalene
(Tetralin)

208

0.973

  

CaCl2; Na

Thionyl chloride

48

na

na

Redistill.

Toluene

111

0.867

+4

distillation; Ca; CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

Trichloroethylene

87

1.462

none

distillation; Na2SO4; K2CO3

Xylene

137/140

-0.86

+25

distillation; Na; CaCl2; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

 

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