Solvent Drying Agents

Solvents drying guide

TO DRY	USE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING DRYING AGENTS
Alcohols	Anhydrous forms of potassium carbonate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate; quicklime.
Alkyl halides Aryl halides	Anhydrous calcium chloride; anhydrous forms of sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, or calcium sulphate; sodium pentoxide.
Saturated and Aromatic hydrocarbons	Anhydrous calcium chloride or sulphate; metallic sodium; phosphorus pentoxide.
Aldehydes	Anhydrous sodium sulphate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate.
Ketones	Anhydrous sodium sulphate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate; anhydrous potassium carbonate.
Organic bases (amines)	Solid potassium or sodium hydroxide; quicklime; barium oxide.
Organic acids	Anhydrous sodium sulphate; anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate.

 

Solvents: Properties and Drying agents

Solvent	Boiling Pt. °C	Density	Flash Pt. °C	Drying agent
Acetone	56	0.791	-18	K2CO3; Molecular sieve 0.3nm; CaCl2
Acetic acid	118	1.049	+40	P2O5; CuSO4
Acetic anhydride	136	1.082	+49	CaCl2
Acetonitrile	82	0.782	+6	CaCl2; P2O5; K2CO3; calcium hydride; Molecular sieve 0.3nm
Aniline	184	1.022	+76	KOH; BaO
Anisole	154	0.995	+51	CaCl2; Na; distillation
Benzene	80	0.879	-10	CaCl2; distillation; Na; Pb/Na; ; calcium hydride; Na wire; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
1-Butanol	117	0.810	+29	K2CO3; distillation
2-Butanol	100	0.808	+24	K2CO3; distillation
tert-Butanol	82	0.882	+11	CaO; Freezing
n-Butyl acetate	127	0.882	+33	MgSO4;
Carbon disulphide	46	1.263	-30	CaCl2P2O5;
Carbon tetrachloride	77	1.594	none	distillation; P2O3; Pb/Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Chlorobenzene	132	1.106	+29	CaCl2; distillation;P2O5
Chloroform	62	1.486	none	CaCl2; P2O5; Pb/Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Cyclohexane	81	0.799	none	Na; Na/Pb; LiAlH4; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Cyclohexanone	155	na	na	Distillation
Decahydronaphthalene (Dekalin)	~190	0.886	<54	CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na
Dichloromethane	40	1.325	none	CaCl2; Pb/Na; calcium hydride; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Dicyclopentadiene: (cyclopentadiene dimer)	170	na	na	Refractionation: distillate at 40 - 42°C. (Use at once! or keep in dry ice/acetone bath no longer than 1 Hr.)
Diethyl carbonate	126	0.975	+25	Na2SO4; K2CO3
Diethylene glycoldibutyl ether	225	0.885	+118	CaCl2; Na
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether	155 165	0.906	+70	CaCl2; Na
Diethyl ether	34	0.714	-40	CaCl2; Na; Pb/Na; LiAlH4; Na wire/benzophenone; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Di-isopropyl ether	68	0.726	-23	CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Dimethyl formamide	153	0.950	+62	distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Dimethyl sulfoxide	189	1.101	+95	distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
1,4 Dioxane	101	1.034	+11.8	CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Ethanol	79	0.791	+12	CaO; Mg; MgO; Molecular sieve 0.3nm
Ethyl acetate	77	0.901	-4	K2CO3; P2O5; Na2SO4; calcium hydride; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Ethylenediamine: (1-2 diaminoethane)	118	na	na	Simple distillation.

 

Solvent	Boiling Pt. °C	Density	Flash Pt. °C	Drying agent
Ethylene glycol	197	1.109	+111	distillation; Na2SO4
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether	135	0.930	+41	distillation
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether	125	0.965	+52	distillation
Ethyl formate	54	0.924	-20	MgSO4; Na2SO4;
Formamide	211	1.134	155	Na2SO4; CaO
Glycerol	290	1.260	+176	distillation
Heptane	98	0.684	-4	calcium hydride; Na wire
n-Hexane	69	0.659	-23	Na; Pb/Na; LiAlH4; calcium hydride; Na wire/benzophenone; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Isobutanol	108	0.803	+28	K2CO3; CaO; Mg;
Isobutyl methyl ketone	117	0.801	+15.5-4	K2CO3;
Methanol	65	0.792	+11	Mg; CaO; Molecular sieve 0.3nm
Methyl acetate	57	0.933	-10	K2CO3; CaO;
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone	202	1.026	+95	Na2SO4; distillation; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Methyl Ethyl ketone	80	0.806	-44	K2CO3;
Nitrobenzene	211	1.204	+92	CaCl2; P2O5; distillation;
n-Pentane	36	0.626	-49	Na; Pb/Na;calcium hydride; Na wire
Pet ether	mixture	na	na	calcium hydride; Na wire/benzophenone; Molecular sieve type 4A
1- Propanol	97	0.804	+15	CaO; Mg
2-Propanol	82	0.785	+12	CaO; Mg; Molecular sieve 0.3nm
Pyridine	116	0.982	+20	KOH; BaO; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Tetrahydrofuran	66	0.887	-17.5	Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin)	208	0.973		CaCl2; Na
Thionyl chloride	48	na	na	Redistill.
Toluene	111	0.867	+4	distillation; Ca; CaCl2; Na; Molecular sieve 0.4nm
Trichloroethylene	87	1.462	none	distillation; Na2SO4; K2CO3
Xylene	137/140	-0.86	+25	distillation; Na; CaCl2; Molecular sieve 0.4nm

 

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Solvent Boiling Point Chart

Solvent Boiling Point Chart

(all boiling points at standard pressure)

Solvent	Boiling Point	Solvent	Boiling Point
Acetic Acid	118.0	Ethyl Acetate	77.1
Acetic Acid Anhydride	139.0	Ethyl Ether	34.6
Acetone	56.3	Ethylene Dichloride	83.5
Acetonitrile	81.6	Ethylene Glycol	197.5
Benzene	80.1	Heptane	98.4
iso-Butanol	107.7	n-Hexane	68.7
n-Butanol	117.7	Hydrochloric Acid	84.8
tert-Butanol	82.5	Methanol	64.7
Carbon Tetrachloride	76.5	Methylene Chloride	-96.7
Chlorobenzene	131.7	MTBE	55.2
Chloroform	61.2	Pentane	36.1
Cyclohexane	80.7	Petroleum Ether	35.0-60.0
Cyclopentane	49.3	iso-Propanol	82.3
Dichloromethane	39.8	n-Propanol	97.2
Diethyl Ether	34.6	Pyridine	115.3
Dimethyl Acetamide	166.1	Tetrahydrofuran	66.0
Dimethyl Formamide	153.0	Toluene	110.6
Dimethyl Sulfoxide	189.0	Trifluoroacetic Acid	71.8
Dioxane	101.0	Water	100.0
Ethanol	78.3	Xylene	140.0

Note: Solvent boiling points acquired from materials published online by Honeywell Burdick and Jackson, University of Oxford, University of Louisville, Michigan State University, and IPS INCHEM and are inteded for use with the BrandTech Scientific Vacuum Pump Selection Guide only. Solvent listing does not necessarily imply chemical or physical compatibility with VACUUBRAND vacuum pumps and systems.

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Organic Chemistry: Structure and Reactivity

Organic Chemistry: Structure and Reactivity

Organic Chemistry is the main theme of chemistry. To learn organic chemistry here i have very good Lecture vedios. This course was taught by Prof. Peter C. Vollhardt. Department of Chemistry, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley. K. Peter C. Vollhardt was born on March 7, 1946 in Madrid, Spain. He grew up there and in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he went to primary school. He then moved to Germany and completed his secondary school education in Munich, where he obtained a Vordiplom in Chemistry at the University of Munich. In 1968, he moved to University College London, to graduate with a Ph.D. in Chemistry with Professor P. J. Garratt in 1972. After two years as a postdoctoral fellow with Professor R. G. Bergman at the California Institute of Technology, he was appointed Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1975, he also became Principal Investigator of the Materials and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. In 1978, he was promoted to Associate, in 1982 to Full Professor. From 1983 to 1987, he was also a Principal Investigator at the Center for Advanced Materials, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. He was Assistant Dean to the College of Chemistry from 1996 to 2004. He is a member of the German Chemical Society, The Chemical Society, London, the American Chemical Society, and Sigma Xi.

The first lesson is, Delocalized Pi Systems Propenyl and Butadiene. The good good english, and deep level of chemistry will help you to understand the Chemistry. Delocalized Pi Systems Propenyl and Butadiene

Name Reactions -A Collection of Detailed Reaction Meachnism

Name Reactions - A Collection of Detailed Reaction Meachnism

-Jie Jack Li

Description

This book differs from others on name reactions in organic chemistry by focusing on their mechanisms. It covers over 300 classical as well as contemporary name reactions. Biographical sketches for the chemists who discovered or developed those name reactions have been included. Each reaction is delineated by its detailed step-by-step, electron-pushing mechanism, supplemented with the original and the latest references, especially review articles. This book contains major improvements over the previous edition and the subject index is significantly expanded.

Editorial Review

"Name Reactions - A collection of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms" has been expanded significantly as compared to the Second Edition. The book contains a multitude of new name reactions and, and as a new feature, reaction examples from the current literature..

Each name reaction is illustrated with a reaction scheme, an accurate and detailed mechanism, and two interesting examples from current work. In addition, numerous up-to-date citations are provided that can facilitate an initial literature search. The textual explanations are quite concise, and in most cases are confined to the reaction schemes. For a few of the name reactions, the references also include biographical information on the originator of the reaction, which makes quite interesting reading.

Space is used more effectively in the new version, in contrast to the Second Edition, and pages are filled with content. The author has taken great pains in this respect, as well as in ensuring that the literature citations are up to date. The level of detail varies a great deal in some places, though this might simply reflect the author’s own areas of interest. For example, coverage of the "Staudinger Ketene Cycloaddition" is limited to a consideration of the transition state.

"Name Reactions" is an especially useful book for obtaining a first introduction to a multitude of important and also current name reactions. Moreover, the mechanistic explanations in the form of excellent schemes provide a basis for advanced students to practice these mechanisms. A number of errors from the Second Edition have been corrected, and this fact together with the successful enhancements make a good case for purchasing this latest edition.

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Name Reactions and Reagents in Organic Synthesis

Name Reactions and Reagents in Organic Synthesis

(2nd Edition -Bradford P. Mundy, Michael G. Ellerd, and Frank G. Favaloro)

In contrast, the second edition of Name Reactions and Reagents in Organic Synthesis is a much more exhaustive collection, addressing more than 500 reactions (and rearrangements). The breadth of coverage extends well beyond the confines of a typical undergraduate–beginning graduate organic chemistry course, although the detail presented for each reaction is minimal. The intent is not so much to be a single-source teaching tool or text or text supplement covering that subset of reactions germane to university classes in organic chemistry as it is to be a much more comprehensive reference work that is most suitable for synthetic chemists. Reactions are listed alphabetically, each listing providing either an accepted or a proposed mechanism (often with minimal detail), along with secondary information, and two to four examples with citations. In addition to literature citations, when applicable the reactions are cross-referenced to Laue and Plagen’s, Named Organic Reactions (2nd edition) or Jerry March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry (5th edition); Wiley-Interscience publishes all three books. Name Reactions and Reagents in Organic Synthesis also contains an extremely useful (and unique) second section that lists alphabetically more than 200 named reagents and reagent acronyms; each entry lists the reagent’s structure, its major uses and preparation, commercial availability, necessary precautions, secondary information, and two or three referenced applications. Unlike Laue and Plagens, this book does not include commentary and is not structured to be a direct teaching tool, rather it is a launching point to a vast array of named chemical reactions.

Name Reactions and Reagents in Organic Synthesis

Advanced Organic Chemistry

Advanced Organic Chemistry (Full Book) -Reinhard Bruckner

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Heterocyclic Chemistry Book

Heterocyclic Chemistry

Heterocyclic Chemistry- By John Arthur Joule, Keith Mills

Raji Gandee Book Collection

Transition Metal catalyzed Reaction

Transition Metal catalyzed Reaction A collection of transition metal catalysed reaction. Transition Metal catalyzed Reaction

Collection of Coupling Reaction

Collection of Coupling Reaction

Condensation Reaction is an important type of reaction in the synthetic organic chemistry. You can get all Named condensation reaction here.

CONDENSATION REACTION COLLECTION

Gandee Chemistry Info

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Gandeepan's Important links for Chemistry

Gandeepan's Important links For Chemistry. http://www.abc.chemistry.bsu.by/current/fulltext11.htm - it containes the full text journals of current trends. Including Indian journal of chemistry. http://www.abc.chemistry.bsu.by/current/fulltext11.htm it contain full text rusian Journals. http://www.freemedicaljournals.com/ This site contain full text medical journal. http://depth-first.com/articles/2007/01/24/thirty-two-free-chemistry-databases This page contain 32 chemistry search engines. http://goldbook.iupac.org/literature.html This sight have the collection of Chemistry book from IUPAC. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sources/sources.cgi This site contain PubChem Substance Data Source Information. http://serve.me.nus.edu.sg/arun/Useful_links.htm it contain N-number of links for physical chemistry and general chemistry related topics. (VERY GOOD) http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/chemistry_contents.htm This is good sight for chemistry fundamental notes. http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/reference/chemlecs/ This sight containing the vast details for chemistry study materials. http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfthb/links/research/ This is very good site to have a collection of chemistry sites. http://sites.google.com/site/rajigandeechemistryinfo/Home

Interesting & Informative Web Sites for Chemistry

Interesting & Informative Web Sites

WebElements An interactive periodic table. Stanford's Swain Library A collection of useful data tables, calculators and modeling tools.. NIST WebBook A thermodynamic and spectroscopic database. SI Units A useful list of SI units (in German). Data Tables Data for General, Organic, and Physical Chemistry IUPAC Rules IUPAC Nomenclature Rules. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology A useful site for definition searching. Spectra Data Base A large collection of MS, NMR, IR, Raman & ESR spectra. SpectralCalc A nice collection of spectroscopy tools.. Spectroscopy Problems Unknowns requiring the interpretation of MS, NMR & IR spectra. An Excellent Site from Notre Dame. NMR Spectroscopy Problems An outstanding collection of unknowns requiring the interpretation of nmr spectra (some ir). Compiled at UCLA. NMR Spectroscopy Problems NMR tutorials and problems. Compiled at the University of Sydney. Spectroscopy Problems A NMR tutorial and problems involving MS, NMR & IR spectra. Prepared at Imperial College. NMRShiftDB A NMR database, hosted by the Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology in Jena. NMR Spectroscopy-A Virtual Text The finest on-line NMR tutorial I have seen. TeleSpec An Infrared Database and Simulation Resource. Organic Chemistry Portal An extensive collection of resources useful to organic chemists. Named Reagents A large list of named compounds, reagents, catalysts and solvents. Organic Name Reactions I An indexed listing of named organic reactions from Organic Chemistry Portal. Organic Name Reactions II A listing of named organic reactions. MonomerChem Inc. Organic Name Reactions III A listing of named organic reactions. ChemPen software Organic Name Reactions IV A listing of named organic reactions. Univ. Conn. Organic Name Reactions V A large list of name reactions from Organic Chemistry Portal. Organic Name Reactions VI A list of name reactions from ecompound. Microwave Acceleration Another listing of named organic reactions improved by microwave technology The Dundee PRODRG2 Server Draw and create models of small molecules. Organic Chemistry Resources A well-organized set of organic chemistry links. World Wide Web Library A Liverpool web resource. Imperial College A nice chemistry site from the Imperial College Chem. Dept. Virtual Chemistry A useful site from Oxford. Organic Reaction Quizes A very nice summary and helpful quizzes covering basic organic reactions. Towson University ConcepTest Questions I A question bank from J. Chem. Ed. ConcepTest Questions II More multiple choice questions for ConcepTest use (Uiv. Wisconsin). Organic Chemistry OnLine A nice set of instructional pages by Paul Young, Univ. Illinois Chicago Curved Arrow Use A nice curved arrow tutorial from the University of Aberdeen . Molecular Visualization A world index of molecular visualization resources. Richaed Spinney's Chemistry Pages A Wonderful Collection of Resources. Symmetry Gallery A very nice collection of examples by Dean Johnston at Otterbein. Interactive Organic Chemistry A broad collection of topics, using 2D & 3D animations. Animations & Movies A useful collection of animation links collected by Dr. Gabor Lente. Berry Pseudorotation A nice discussion and illustration of pseudorotation. Minerals and Molecules The Wisconsin minerals and molecules project. Crystal Structures A large collection of Crystal Structures. BioChem Hub An Online Biology and Chemistry Education Center. Biomolecular Tutorials An excellent collection of Chime based tutorials & resources. Molecular Models for Biochemistry Instructional tutorials and quizes from Carnegie Mellon University PDB Browser Examining the resources of the Protein Data Bank Protein Classification Structural relationships between proteins (Cambridge) Polymers and Liquid Crystals Maintained by Case Western Reserve University Fachbereich Chemie A comprehensive site at Freien Universitat Berlin. Global Instructional Chemistry Links to instructional tools for chemistry. History A site devoted to the history of chemistry. Cambridge Soft A list of searchable databases from Cambridge Soft Corp. Chemical Safety & Toxicity Part of the Cambridge Soft Corp. database. FDA Food safety & applied nutrition. Aldrich-Sigma Catalog An on-line version of the Aldrich catalog. ACS Web Page The home page of the American Chemical Society.

Infrared Spectroscopy for Organic Chemists

Infrared Spectroscopy for Organic Chemists Web Resources Databases SDBS NIST Chemistry WebBook FDM Reference Spectra Databases AEDC/EPA spectral database Galactic Spectral Database David Sullivan FT-IR Library Ivo Leito's FT-IR spectra of paint and coating materials Sigma-Aldrich catalog Simulation of IR Spectra TeleSpec - Interactive ComSpec3D Texts IR Spectroscopy (Bristol University) (not working?) WebSpectra (UCLA) Biorad (Application Notes) WearCheck (Infrared Analysis as a Tool for Assessing Degradation in Used Engine Lubricants / Monitoring Oil Degradation with Infrared Spectroscopy) Paul Young's IR Spectroscopy Tutorial (Site 2) IR Tutor (Columbia University) Intro to IR Spectroscopy and Greenhouse Gases Chemistry Hypermedia Project Infrared Spectroscopy by Gregory Brust Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry by William Reusch Infrared Spectroscopy by Kildahl Organic Compound Identification Using Infrared Spectroscopy by Volland Preparation of samples for IR analysis Multimedia short course on IR spectroscopy (in German) Helpers for interpretation @CSU Stanislaus Spectroscopic Tools (University of Potsdam) IR Correlations by Vidrine Problems Organic Structure Elucidation Workbook (Notre Dame University) WebSpectra (UCLA) Miscellaneous Infrared Pages on the Net Problems and display of spectra using Chime Internet Journal of Vibrational Spectroscopy Display of vibrations in molecules Free software ACD's SpecViewer MDL's Chime Ched Demo (chemical database management software) [Site 2] http://organicgandee.googlepages.com/

Condensation Reaction Collections

condensation reactions are the important type of reaction which is used in Organic chemistry to make Various C-C bond and functional group. Here you can get the collection of Condensation Reactions.

Condensation Reactions Collection

Finding a 3D structure of your molecule

Finding a 3D structure of your molecule Before you begin to search for a 3D structure, you should have some idea of what class of molecules yours belongs to. You should be able to find a 3D image of your molecule on one of the websites below or through the other options listed at the bottom of this page. Note: Some of these websites require special browser plug-ins or particular versions of a given browser. Carefully read the pertinent info on the website in order to guide your efforts. The Chemistry Department Computer Lab (Room #2216) has all of the necessary software installed. http://www.chemfinder.com This website will provide Lewis structures for most molecules and, with a plug-in that must be downloaded, will provide a 3D representation. http://www.biocheminfo.org/klotho/compound_list.html This list includes 439 biologically active compounds roughly listed alphabetically. If your compound is known by more than one name, this site may have your compound listed by a different name than you were given. The images here can be printed out directly or by right clicking you can save them to a disk. Be careful because some of the structures are not ball-and-stick models. http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/library This site has many biological molecules. You need to know the class of compounds to which yours belongs to facilitate your search. http://www.iconbazaar.com/molecules A great site for prescription drug structures. http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Flick/molecules/newlist.htm An alphabetical listing of molecules containing many small organic molecules. http://www.3dchem.com/ Some of the more hard to find molecules will appear on this website as “Molecules of the month” or in the “A to Z Index of Structures”. They all appear in 3D structures. Other options: —If the molecule is in your text, check the CD that came with your text for a 3D structure. Look in the “Molecule” folder on the CD. —Try an internet search with an engine such as Google. To learn more chemistry join CHEMISTRY LEARNERS GROUP here: http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/chemistry_learners/