Concentration of Acids and Bases

Properties of various acids and bases

The data in the following table (except MW) is approximate and should only be used as an estimate. Concentrations change upon exposure to air.

Reagent	Formula	Molecular Weight (g/mol)	Specific gravity	Normality of conc. reagent	Weight %	V (mL)*
Acetic acid (glacial)	CH3CO2H	60.05	1.05	17.45	99.8	57.3
Ammonium hydroxide	NH4OH	35.05	0.90	14.53	56.6
Ethylene diamine	C2H4(NH2)2	60.10	0.899	15.0	100	66.7
Formic acid	HCO2H	46.03	1.20	23.6	90.5	42.5
Hydrazine	N2H4	32.05	1.01	30.0	95	33.3
Hydriodic acid	HI	127.91	1.70	7.6	57	132
Hydrobromic acid	HBr	80.92	1.49	8.84	48	113
Hydrochloric acid	HCl	36.46	1.19	12.1	37.2	82.5
Hydrofluoric acid	HF	20.0	1.18	28.9	49.0	34.5
Nitric acid	HNO3	63.01	1.42	15.9	70.4	63
Perchloric acid	HClO4	100.47	1.67	11.7	70.5	85.5
Phosphoric acid	H3PO4	97.10	1.70	14.8	85.5	67.5
Pyridine	C5H5N	79.10	0.982	12.4	100	80.6
Sulfuric acid	H2SO4	98.08	1.84	18.0	96	55.8
Triethanolamine	C6H15NO3	149.19	1.124	7.53	100	132.7

^* V (mL) = volume in milliliters needed to prepare 1 L of 1 molar solution (1 M)

Approximate pH for different concentrations of various substances

Reagent	1 N	0.1 N	0.01 N	0.001 N
Acetic acid (glacial)	2.4	2.9	3.4	3.9
Ammonia	11.8	11.3	10.8	10.3
Benzoic acid			3.1
Citric acid		2.1	2.6
Hydrochloric acid	0.10	1.07	2.02	3.01
Hydrogen cyanide		5.1
Potassium hydroxide	14.0	13.0	12.0	11.0
Sodium bicarbonate		8.4
Sodium carbonate		11.5	11.0
Sodium hydroxide	14.05	13.07	12.12	11.13
Sulfuric acid	0.3	1.2	2.1

Equivalences % / M / N and preparation

The following table lists equivalences between molarities, normalities and percent solutions along with volume of desired substance needed to make 1 L of molar solutions.

HCl	0.01 M	0.1 M	1 M	2 M	3 M	5 M	6 M	10 M	12.1 M
Normality	0.01 N	0.1 N	1 N	2 N	3 N	5 N	6 N	10 N	12.1 N
% equivalent	0.08%	0.8%	8%	17%	25%	41%	50%	83%	100%
V needed to make 1 L	0.83 mL	8.3 mL	83 mL	165 mL	248 mL	413 mL	496 mL	826 mL	1000 mL

H2SO4

0.01 M

0.1 M

1 M

2 M

3 M

5 M

6 M

9 M

10 M

12 M

15 M

18 M

Normality

0.02 N

0.2 N

2 N

4 N

6 N

10 N

12 N

18 N

20 N

24 N

30 N

36 N

% equivalent

0.06%

0.56%

5.6%

11%

17%

28%

33%

50%

56%

67%

83%

100%

V needed to make 1 L

0.56 mL

5.6 mL

56 mL

111 mL

167 mL

278 mL

333 mL

500 mL

556 mL

667 mL

833 mL

1000 mL

NaOH	0.01 M	0.1 M	1 M	2 M	5 M	10 M	15 M	20 M	25 M	27 M
Normality	0.01 N	0.1 N	1 N	2 N	5 N	10 N	15 N	20 N	25 N	27 N
weight needed to make 1 L	0.40 g	4.0 g	40 g	80 g	200 g	400 g	600 g	800 g	1000 g	1080 g

KOH	0.01 M	0.1 M	1 M	2 M	5 M	10 M	15 M	20 M	21 M
Normality	0.01 N	0.1 N	1 N	2 N	5 N	10 N	15 N	20 N	21 N
weight needed to make 1 L	0.56 g	5.61 g	56.1 g	112 g	280 g	561 g	841 g	1120 g	1178 g